Lycopodium as a treatment for Urate Deposition (gout) in birds: case report

A 3-year-old male cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) was diagnosed with joint arthritis due to hyperucemiasyndrome. The bird presented deposition of urate crystals on the synovial membrane with inflammation of joints and tendons (tufts), causing listlessness, anorexia and lameness, with difficulty in keeping perched or moving. Laboratory tests displayed an increase in uric acid and creatinine phosphokinase levels, and leukocytosis despite lymphopenia. Unsucessfully, the animal had been treated with allopathic medicine for 2 months, without a favorable response and still developing stressful reaction to handling.Methodology:High dilution therapy was attempted with 2 globules of Lycopodiumclavatum30 cH /bid and Arnica montana30 cH /bid /oral. The most expressive tufts were removed with daily cleaning of the affected area; a new diet was established and perches were removed, allowing the bird to remain on a flat surface until regression of symptoms. The medication was continued for 30 days. On the second appointment, although the caregiver reported episodes of probable pain, there was an improvement in behavior with normal appetite. Lyc30cH /sid was continued and Arn30cH /bid to qid, depending on pain episodes, for over 30 days. The tutor authorized the case report through a consent form. Results and discussion:Follow-up laboratory tests were performed everythree months for one year, reaching normal levels for uric acid (3.5-11 mg/dL) and CK (30-245mg/dL) on the third measurement. The bird presented no formation of new tufts along the second month of treatment. After 12 months, the animal ingests homeopathic globules spontaneously and presents stable clinical presentation (Lyc30cH / sid / 3 times a week) with no recurrence and without side effects nor stressful behavior. Conclusion: In view of these results, it is considered that homeopathic treatment is an option to be considered in the treatment of joint arthritis from hyperuricemia syndrome in birds.

Intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test in the diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis remains one of the most important infectious diseases with well-known zoonotic nature that affect humans, wildlife, and domestic animals, including goats. Nonetheless, no intradermal tuberculin test has been standardized for caprine diagnosis of tuberculosis. The present study investigated the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (ICCTT) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis among 60 goats from farms with history of tuberculosis. The cutoff applied to goats was based on a study where goats had been experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium. Clinical examination, bacteriological culture, and histopathological staining were assessed to the diagnosis. Isolates compatible with mycobacteria were subjected for molecular diagnosis based on gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and PCR restriction-enzyme analysis (PRA) of hsp65 gene by BstEII and HaeIII, namely PRA-hsp65 assay. From all goats, 60% (n = 36/60), 3.3% (n = 2/60), and 36.7% (n = 22/60) showed positive, inconclusive, and negative reactions, respectively. Out of 36 goats with ICCTT positive, 75% (n = 27/36) had isolation of mycobacteria and were detected M. bovis by gyrB-RFLP. Molecular diagnosis and histopathological findings compatible with tuberculosis showed 86.1% (n = 31/36) concordance with the ICCTT. When compared ICCTT with M. bovis isolation, gyrB-RFLP, and histopathology, the better arithmetic means of sensitivity and specificity were 2.5 mm for ICCTT compared with M. bovis isolation and gyrB-RFLP, and 4.55 mm when compared with histopathology. Both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves presented statistical significance (P < 0.001). The identification of other mycobacteria, e.g., M. kansasii, M. flavescens, M. avium, M. florentinum, M. lentiflavum, M. simiae, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, not influenced positive results in ICCTT. The concordance between bacteriological, histopathological, and molecular identification with ICCTT findings indicate that the tuberculin test may be used as a valuable tool for diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis and reinforce the importance of association of methods to diagnostic of the disease from animal origin.

Interaction between Solvatochromic Dyes and Water Sampled from a Natural Source Treated with High Dilutions of Phosphorus.

BACKGROUND: Highly diluted and succussed solutions interact with solvatochromic dyes, indicating that changes in solvent and solute polarity could be related to their mechanism of action. It is not known, however, how the activity associated with succussed high dilutions is transferred to untreated water and what the limits of this process are. AIMS: The aims of the present study were to ascertain whether a succussed high dilution of phosphorus (1.5 × 1-59 M; Phos 30cH) seeded into a natural water source that fed a fjord and two connected lakes could propagate itself through the lake system (total volume 2200 m3) and, moreover, whether the process could be tracked using solvatochromic dyes. METHODS: Samples of water were collected before and after seeding, at different times and places throughout the lake system. Controls comprised water taken from an untreated and adjacent, but independent, lake (1385 m3). RESULTS: Water samples taken up to 72 hours after the source treatment produced significant increases (p ≤ 0.03) in the absorbance of the solvatochromic dye methylene violet (MV), while samples from the control lake produced no changes. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that activity associated with Phos 30c can propagate itself through large volumes of water, causing changes throughout a whole connected lake system, and that these changes can be tracked using the solvatochromic dye MV. This in turn means the use of homeopathic medicines in large volumes of drinking water, in farming and ecological contexts, now has the potential to be assessed with physico-chemical monitoring.

Prevalência e fatores de risco para a leptospirose e brucelose na população canina da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, São Paulo, Brasil / Prevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis and brucellosis in the canine population of the Tourist Resort of Ibiúna, State of São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de leptospirose e brucelose por Brucella canis e determinar os fatores de risco associados com a positividade em cães da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram examinados 570 animais distribuídos em 4 regiões nos 48 bairros do município, no período de setembro de 2007 a março de 2008. O diagnóstico sorológico da leptospirose foi efetuado com o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), e para o diagnóstico de brucelose foi realizado hemocultivo. Dos 570 animais examinados, 187 (32,8%; IC95% 28,9 - 36,8) foram soropositivos para leptospirose, com predomínio de reações para os sorovares Pyrogenes, Autumnalis e Canicola, e 6 (1,05%; IC95% 0,4 - 2,2) foram positivos para brucelose. A variável atividade sexual (OR = 1,73) foi identificada como fator de risco associado à positividade para leptospirose, e o manejo do tipo solto foi considerado fator de risco tanto para leptospirose (OR = 1,96) quanto para brucelose (OR = 10,85). Conclui-se que a leptospirose e a brucelose estão presentes em cães da Estância Turística de Ibiúna, São Paulo, e que a atividade sexual e o acesso irrestrito à rua são condições associadas com a prevalência das infecções.(AU)

The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis and brucellosis due to Brucella canis and to determine the risk factors associated with positivity in dogs of the Tourist Resort of Ibiúna, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 570 blood samples were collected from dogs from 4 regions of 48 districts of the county of Ibiúna during the period of September 2007 to March 2008. Serological diagnosis of leptospirosis was performed with the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and blood culture was used for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Of the 570 dogs used 187 (32.8%; 95%CI 28.9 - 36.8) were seropositive to leptospirosis, with predominance of reactions to serovars Pyrogenes, Autumnalis and Canicola, and 6 (1.05%; 95%CI 0.4 - 2.2) were positive to brucellosis. Variable sexual activity (OR = 1.73) was identified as risk factor associated with the positivity to leptospirosis, and free access to street was considered risk factor for both leptospirosis (OR = 1.96) and brucellosis (OR = 10.85). It is concluded that leptospirosis and brucellosis are present in dogs of the Tourist Resort of Ibiúna, State of São Paulo, and sexual activity and free access to street are conditions associated with the prevalence of infections.(AU)

Thin layer microcolony culture associated with PCR for early identification of Mycobacterium bovis.

The initial growth of mycobacteria from 49 samples of cattle and buffalo organs collected in commercial slaughterhouses was compared between modified Middlebrook 7H11 thin layer microcolony culture and Stonebrink medium used in the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. Aliquots were decontaminated by Petroff's method, processed and cultured in both media. The identity of the acid-fast bacilli stained by Ziehl-Neelsen was confirmed by PCR. Optical microscopy showed that results of the early observation of Mycobacterium bovis colonies in thin layer culture were similar to those obtained in macroscopic observation of the colonies in Stonebrink medium. However, early observation of the colonies enabled early confirmation by PCR, given the shorter time to the visualization of colonies when thin layer culture was used (between the 12(nd) and 25(th) day of culture).

Thin layer microcolony culture associated with PCR for early identification of Mycobacterium bovis

The initial growth of mycobacteria from 49 samples of cattle and buffalo organs collected in commercial slaughterhouses was compared between modified Middlebrook 7H11 thin layer microcolony culture and Stonebrink medium used in the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis. Aliquots were decontaminated by Petroff's method, processed and cultured in both media. The identity of the acid-fast bacilli stained by Ziehl-Neelsen was confirmed by PCR. Optical microscopy showed that results of the early observation of Mycobacterium bovis colonies in thin layer culture were similar to those obtained in macroscopic observation of the colonies in Stonebrink medium. However, early observation of the colonies enabled early confirmation by PCR, given the shorter time to the visualization of colonies when thin layer culture was used (between the 12nd and 25th day of culture).

Individual determinants of fish choosing in open-air street markets from Santo André, SP/Brazil.

The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of fish consumption in the population that attends open-air street markets in the city of Santo André, SP, Brazil.We performed a survey, covering approximately 482 people in 49 street markets.It consisted of free-answer questions, half open choice and half multiple-choice options, for the identification and evaluation of socioeconomic factors that facilitate and hinder fish consumption.A descriptive analysis of the data and further tests were used to determine the association between variables and linearity with consumption, with a significance level of 5%. The most commonly cited types of fish consumed were hake, sardine and dogfish. The factors that facilitate the purchase and consumption of fish are listed as follows: a preference for purchasing fish at street markets, appearance, firmness, fresh presentation, frozen presentation, as well as the respondent's education and individual monthly income. Limiting factors were identified as the price and the presence of spines. Perishability, odour, ethnicity, proximity to points of sale of residence and work, gender, age, number of people in the household, presence of children and acquisition supermarket were not characteristics that influenced decisions about fish consumption.

Tuberculosis in goats and sheep slaughtered in the semiarid of the Paraíba state, Northeast region of Brazil / Tuberculose em caprinos e ovinos abatidos no semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil

The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize microorganisms in hypertrophied lymph nodes or gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis collected from 12 goats and 28 sheep slaughtered at the public slaughterhouse of Patos municipality, Paraíba State, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The identification of mycobacteria was performed by the PRA method (PCR-Restriction Enzyme Analysis). Histopathological examination of lesions was also performed. Organs affected were liver, lung, mammary gland, bladder and mediastinal, mesenteric, submandibular, parotid, popliteal, precrural, prescapular and superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Histopathological examination showed the presence of granulomas in 8 (20.00%) animals. Of the 12 goats, 1 (8.33%) was positive in the culture of mycobacteria, and by PRA method the isolate was classified as belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex. Two (7.14%) sheep were positive for the presence of environmental mycobacteria. There was isolation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in 8 (66.66%) goats and 17 (60.71%) sheep, and simultaneous isolation of mycobacteria and C. pseudotuberculosis in 1 (8.33%) goat and 1 (3.57%) sheep. The isolation of mycobacteria of the M. tuberculosis complex in goats in this study raises concerns of public health, as professionals involved in handling these animals and the meat and milk consumers are exposed to the risk [...]

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi isolar e tipificar micro-organismos presentes em linfonodos hipertrofiados ou lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de tuberculose colhidos de 12 caprinos e 28 ovinos abatidos no matadouro público do município de Patos, Paraíba. A identificação de micobactérias foi feita com o método PRA (PCR-Restriction Enzyme Analysis). Também foi realizado o exame histopatológico das lesões. Os órgãos afetados foram fígado, pulmão, glândula mamária, bexiga e linfonodos mediastínicos, mesentéricos, submandibulares, parotídeos, poplíteos, pré-crural, pré-escapular e inguinal superficial. O exame histopatológico apontou a presença de granulomas em 8 (20,00%) animais. Dos 12 caprinos, 1 (8,33%) foi positivo no cultivo de micobactérias, e pelo método PRA o isolado foi classificado como pertencente ao complexo M. tuberculosis. Dois (7,14%) ovinos foram positivos para a presença de micobactérias ambientais. Houve isolamento de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em 8 (66,66%) caprinos e em 17 (60,71%) ovinos, e isolamento simultâneo de micobactérias e C. pseudotuberculosis em 1 (8,33%) caprino e 1 (3,57%) ovino. O isolamento de micobactéria do complexo M. tuberculosis em caprinos no presente trabalho levanta preocupações do ponto de vista de saúde pública, uma vez que profissionais envolvidos na manipulação destes animais, bem como a população consumidora de carne [...]

Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identifying Mycobacterium bovis isolates from the modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar thin layer technique

The associated use of the modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar thin layer technique and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay enabled to perform the early identification of microcolonies of Mycobacterium bovis from 12th to 25th day of culture. In order to reduce the time for performing the Mycobacterium bovis identification, the combined use of these two techniques was evaluated by analyzing the microcolonies of mycobacteria at the 8th day after culturing. Until the last day of analysis, all of the PCR-positive samples already showed the microcolonies. Therefore, the early diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis is feasible, without an apparent macroscopic colonies growth.

Mycobacterium bovis infection in goats from the Northeast region of Brazil

A total of 8,058 male and female mixed-breed goats and 1-4 years of age were slaughtered over a period of 7 months at the public slaughterhouse of Patos city, Paraíba state, in the Northeast region of Brazil; 822 animals were inspected for gross lesions of tuberculosis, and 12 (1.46 percent) had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis in the mammary gland, lungs, liver and mediastinal, mesenteric, submandibular, parotid and prescapular lymph nodes. Presence of granulomatous lesions was confirmed in the submandibular lymph node of one (8.3 percent) goat at the histopathological examination and at the mycobacterium culture the same sample was confirmed positive. Isolate was confirmed as belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex by PCR restriction enzyme analysis (PRA). Spoligotyping identified the isolate into spoligotype SB0295 on the M. bovis Spoligotype Database website (www.mbovis.org), and it was classified as M. bovis. The occurrence of M. bovis in goats in this study suggests that this species may be a potential source of infection for humans and should be regarded as a possible problem in the advancement of control and eradication program for bovine tuberculosis in Brazil.

European 1: a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis.

We have identified a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis by deletion analysis of over one thousand strains from over 30 countries. We initially show that over 99% of the strains of M. bovis, the cause of bovine tuberculosis, isolated from cattle in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are closely related and are members of a single clonal complex marked by the deletion of chromosomal region RDEu1 and we named this clonal complex European 1 (Eu1). Eu1 strains were present at less than 14% of French, Portuguese and Spanish isolates of M. bovis but are rare in other mainland European countries and Iran. However, strains of the Eu1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in former trading partners of the UK (USA, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Canada). The Americas, with the exception of Brazil, are dominated by the Eu1 clonal complex which was at high frequency in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico as well as North America. Eu1 was rare or absent in the African countries surveyed except South Africa. A small sample of strains from Taiwan were non-Eu1 but, surprisingly, isolates from Korea and Kazakhstan were members of the Eu1 clonal complex. The simplest explanation for much of the current distribution of the Eu1 clonal complex is that it was spread in infected cattle, such as Herefords, from the UK to former trading partners, although there is evidence of secondary dispersion since. This is the first identification of a globally dispersed clonal complex M. bovis and indicates that much of the current global distribution of this important veterinary pathogen has resulted from relatively recent International trade in cattle.

Mycobacterium bovis infection in goats from the Northeast region of Brazil.

A total of 8,058 male and female mixed-breed goats and 1-4 years of age were slaughtered over a period of 7 months at the public slaughterhouse of Patos city, Paraíba state, in the Northeast region of Brazil; 822 animals were inspected for gross lesions of tuberculosis, and 12 (1.46%) had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis in the mammary gland, lungs, liver and mediastinal, mesenteric, submandibular, parotid and prescapular lymph nodes. Presence of granulomatous lesions was confirmed in the submandibular lymph node of one (8.3%) goat at the histopathological examination and at the mycobacterium culture the same sample was confirmed positive. Isolate was confirmed as belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex by PCR restriction enzyme analysis (PRA). Spoligotyping identified the isolate into spoligotype SB0295 on the M. bovis Spoligotype Database website (www.mbovis.org), and it was classified as M. bovis. The occurrence of M. bovis in goats in this study suggests that this species may be a potential source of infection for humans and should be regarded as a possible problem in the advancement of control and eradication program for bovine tuberculosis in Brazil.

Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.

Fatores relacionados ao consumo de produtos lácteos informais no município de Jacareí- SP / Factors related to dairy consumption in the municipality of informal Jacareí-SP

Realizou-se um levantamento com 465 consumidores sobre sua preferência por lácteos de origem formal ou informal, suas razões, fervura do leite, principais produtos consumidos, noção do risco à saúde pelo consumo dos informais e o significado do selo da Inspeção.Houve associação entre o consumo do produto informal e as características: sexo masculino, local de moradia zona rural, renda familiar acima de 4 salários mínimos, mais de 4 pessoas morando no domicílio, compra de ambulantes, compra na zona rural e o conhecimento sobre o risco de transmitir doenças. Os produtos informais mais consumidos: leite fluido (7,4% o consomem sem ferver), minas frescal, manteiga e iogurte. As principais razões para o consumo do informal foram: ser mais puro, mais fresco, mais barato, mais forte, ter confiança em quem vende o produto, não ter diferença do industrializado, ser mais saudável e mais saboroso. Cerca de 17% disseram que procuram o carimbo da Inspeção, mas nenhum se lembrou dele quando perguntamos sobre as informações que buscam nas embalagens. Conclui-se que o consumo de produtos lácteo informal independe das variáveis estudadas e que o conhecimento é heterogêneo.

Comparison of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar hardjo in sows immunized with two commercial whole culture polivalent anti-leptospira bacterins / Comparação de anticorpos aglutinantes e neutralizantes do sorovar hardjo em fêmeas suínas imunizadas com duas bacterinas anti- leptospira comerciais

It was performed the comparison of the intensity and duration of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar Hardjo in swines vaccinated with two commercial anti-leptospira bacterins. Sows no reactive to 24 Leptospira sp serovars in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were divided in three groups: Group A (n=08): received two vaccine A doses with 30 days interval, Group B (n=08) two vaccine B doses with 30 days interval and Group C (n=08): control no vaccinated against leptospirosis.Blood samples were collected each 30 days during six months following the first vaccination. The sera were tested by MAT and growth inhibition test (GIT) to serovar Hardjo in order to evaluate respectively agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies. It was found that neutralizing antibodies persisted for a longer time than the agglutinating ones and that the absence of agglutinating antibodies does not means in the absence of the neutralizing. The peaks of agglutinating antibodies was obtained at least 30 days earlier than that produced by neutralizing. The duration of both kinds of antibodies measured differed between the two bacterines tested. The period for inducing neutralizing antibodies against serovar Hardjo indicated that gilts must be immunized with two doses of whole culture anti-leptospira bacterines applied 30 days each other at least 90 days before the first mating. For the maintenance of hight levels of neutralizing antibodies the revaccinations must be performed every six months after the first vaccination.

Foi efetuada a comparação entre a intensidade e duração dos níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes e aglutinantes para o sorovar Hardjo em fêmeas suínas vacinadas com duas bacterinas comerciais anti-leptospirose. Animais caracterizados como não reatores para 24 sorovares de Leptospira sp pelo teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e que nunca haviam sido vacinados contra a leptospirose foram divididos em três grupos: grupo A (n=08): recebeu duas doses, em intervalo de 30 dias, de bacterina comercial anti-leptospirose A; grupo B (n=08): recebeu duas doses, em intervalo de 30 dias de bacterina comercial anti-leptospirose B e grupo C (n=08): controle, não vacinado contra a leptospirose. As colheitas de sangue foram efetuadas a cada 30 dias durante seis meses a partir da primeira vacinação. Os soros foram submetidos aos testes da SAM e de inibição do crescimento de leptospiras in vitro (ICL) para avaliar, respectivamente, os níveis de anticorpos aglutinantes e neutralizantes. Foi constatado que os anticorpos neutralizantes persistem por mais tempo que os aglutinantes e que a ausência de anticorpos neutralizantes não corresponde a ausência dos aglutinantes. Os picos de anticorpos aglutinantes foram obtidos pelo menos 30 dias antes dos produzidos pelos neutralizantes. Houve diferença nos níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes induzidos pelas duas bacterinas testadas. O período de indução de anticorpos neutralizantes contra o sorovar Hardjo indica que marrãs devem ser imunizadas com duas doses de bacterina anti-leptospirose aplicadas com 30 dias de intervalo e pelo menos 90 dias antes da primeira cobertura. A manutenção de níveis elevados de anticorpos neutralizantes exige revacinações semestrais.

Comparison of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar hardjo in sows immunized with two commercial whole culture polivalent anti-leptospira bacterins.

It was performed the comparison of the intensity and duration of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar Hardjo in swines vaccinated with two commercial anti-leptospira bacterins. Sows no reactive to 24 Leptospira sp serovars in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were divided in three groups: Group A (n=08): received two vaccine A doses with 30 days interval, Group B (n=08) two vaccine B doses with 30 days interval and Group C (n=08): control no vaccinated against leptospirosis.Blood samples were collected each 30 days during six months following the first vaccination. The sera were tested by MAT and growth inhibition test (GIT) to serovar Hardjo in order to evaluate respectively agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies. It was found that neutralizing antibodies persisted for a longer time than the agglutinating ones and that the absence of agglutinating antibodies does not means in the absence of the neutralizing. The peaks of agglutinating antibodies was obtained at least 30 days earlier than that produced by neutralizing. The duration of both kinds of antibodies measured differed between the two bacterines tested. The period for inducing neutralizing antibodies against serovar Hardjo indicated that gilts must be immunized with two doses of whole culture anti-leptospira bacterines applied 30 days each other at least 90 days before the first mating. For the maintenance of hight levels of neutralizing antibodies the revaccinations must be performed every six months after the first vaccination.

Detection of leptospires in clinically healthy piglets born from sows experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola

Leptospirosis is an important zoonosis that causes reproductive disorders in swine. The isolation of leptospires from aborted fetuses, stillbirths and weak piglets was obtained in several occasions, however, the bacteria was never isolated from apparently healthy piglets born from apparently healthy infected dams. Six sows of the Landrace breed with a known date of service and pregnancy confirmed by ultrasonography were infected intravenously with 5ml of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola inoculum between 76 and 90 days of gestation, and one week after farrowing, at least one piglet per sow was euthanized and samples of liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, spleen and gastric content were taken and examined by PCR. Reproductive disorders or any clinical sign of infection were not observed in the inoculated sows. The piglets born from these animals presented no clinical signs or macroscopic lesions that could be attributed to leptospirosis. All inoculated sows presented anti-leptospires antibodies by microscopic serum-agglutination test (MAT) in the postinoculation serum samples and leptospires were not found in the urine as well as were not detected by PCR applied in this material, however, PCR accomplished in kidneys and liver from a euthanized sow presented positive results. Of the total of 12 euthanized piglets, 10 (83.3 percent) presented positive results by PCR in at least one of the kidney, liver, heart, spleen, lung and gastric content samples. The present study reports the vertical transmission of the infection and the detection of leptospires in clinically healthy piglets born from experimentally infected sows, which is important of the epidemiological point of view as the maintenance of clinically healthy infected animals may allow the persistence of the bacteria in the herd, exposing other animals to the risk of infection.

A Leptospirose é uma importante zoonose que causa transtornos reprodutivos em suínos. O isolamento de leptospiras de fetos abortados, natimortos e leitões fracos foi obtido em várias ocasiões, porém, a bactéria nunca foi isolada de leitões aparentemente saudáveis nascidos de matrizes com infecção subclínica. Seis matrizes da raça Landrace com data de serviço conhecida e gravidez confirmada por ultrasonografia foram infectadas entre 76 e 90 dias de gestação por via intravenosa com 5 ml de inóculo de Leptospira interrogans sorovar Canicola, e uma semana após o parto, pelo menos um leitão por matriz foi eutanaziado e foram colhidas amostras de fígado, rins, pulmões, coração, baço e conteúdo gástrico para exame por PCR. Transtornos reprodutivos ou qualquer sinal clínico de infecção não foram observados nas matrizes inoculadas. Os leitões nascidos destes animais não apresentaram sinais clínicos ou lesões macroscópicas que poderiam ser atribuídos à leptospirose. Todas as matrizes inoculadas apresentaram anticorpos anti-leptospiras no teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT) nas amostras de soros colhidas após a inoculação, e não foram encontradas leptospiras na urina como também não foram detectadas pela PCR aplicada neste material, porém, a PCR realizada em rins e fígado de uma matriz eutanaziada apresentou resultado positivo. Dos 12 leitões eutanaziados, 10 (83,3 por cento) apresentaram resultados positivos na PCR em pelo menos uma das amostras de rim, fígado, coração, baço, pulmão e conteúdo gástrico. O presente estudo relata a transmissão vertical da infecção e a detecção de leptospiras em leitões clinicamente saudáveis nascidos de matrizes infectadas experimentalmente, o que é importante do ponto de vista epidemiológico, pois a manutenção de animais com infecção subclínica pode permitir a persistência da bactéria no rebanho, expondo outros animais ao risco de infecção.

Resultados da ação da vigilância sanitária de alimentos em um supermercado do Estado de São Paulo / Results of the action of the health surveillance food monitoring in a supermarket of the State of São Paulo

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conduta de inspeção por parte da vigilância sanitária em um supermercado de porte médio no Município de Ibiúna, Estado de São Paulo. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro fases: 1) definição do diagnóstico da situação; 2) retornos programados de inspeção sanitária ao estabelecimento; 3) treinamento dos funcionários e 4) análise dos resultados obtidos após as mudanças . Os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento de vendas (15,21 por cento) e clientes cadastrados(13,93 por cento) após as adequações higiênico-sanitárias. Conclui-se que: o modelo de trabalho desenvolvido mostrou-se viável, atendendo às exigências mínimas da vigilância sanitária, com vistas a resguardar a segurança alimentar e trouxe benefícios de natureza econômica para o empresário; acredita-se que o trabalho possa ter influenciado no aumento de vendas e de clientes cadastrados; o não registro de denúncias na vigilância sanitária local indica o reconhecimento por parte dos clientes, da melhoria nos serviços e produtos.